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Introduction The diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requires the demonstration of poorly reversible airflow obstruction (defined by a forced expiratory volume in 1s [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC] ratio

Introduction Modifiable factors such as obesity, vitamin D deficiency, and eosinophilia may contribute to increased asthma severity, but their combined impact remains underexplored, especially in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to investigate the independent and […]